In the 17th and 18th centuries, the refinement of telescopes and the formulation of Newton's law of universal gravitation marked significant strides in humanity's understanding of the planetary system. Astronomers and artists of this era, utilizing the most advanced observational tools, gradually unveiled the structure and laws governing the motions of celestial bodies in the solar system. The prediction of Halley's Comet and the discovery of Uranus exemplify how scientific discoveries, paired with imagination and creativity, deepened our comprehension of the cosmos. These small steps coalesced into our contemporary appreciation of the universe's vastness. Consequently, astronomy began to break free from the constraints of politics and religion, emerging as an independent discipline dedicated solely to objectivity and reason.
在 17 世纪至 18 世纪，随着望远镜的进一步优化和牛顿万有引力定律的提出，人类在对行星系统的认知上迈出了重要的步伐。这一时期的天文学家与艺术家们，借助当时最先进的天文观测工具，逐渐揭示了太阳系天体运动的结构与规律。哈雷彗星的预测、天王星的发现 ...... 人类在科学发现的基础上，运用想象力和创造力，进一步加深对宇宙的理解。这些小小的步伐，最终汇聚成了我们今天对宇宙浩瀚无垠的认识。也正是如此，天文学逐渐挣脱政治宗教的枷锁，成为了一个独立的仅为客观和理性服务的学科。
在 17 世纪至 18 世纪，随着望远镜的进一步优化和牛顿万有引力定律的提出，人类在对行星系统的认知上迈出了重要的步伐。这一时期的天文学家与艺术家们，借助当时最先进的天文观测工具，逐渐揭示了太阳系天体运动的结构与规律。哈雷彗星的预测、天王星的发现 ...... 人类在科学发现的基础上，运用想象力和创造力，进一步加深对宇宙的理解。这些小小的步伐，最终汇聚成了我们今天对宇宙浩瀚无垠的认识。也正是如此，天文学逐渐挣脱政治宗教的枷锁，成为了一个独立的仅为客观和理性服务的学科。
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Selenographic Phases of the Moon
月相图 Hand-colored engraving, 1660 Andreas Cellarius This illustration is from the book Harmonia Macrocosmica and depicts the various phases of the Moon, illustrating its changes throughout a complete lunar month. The author explains the reason for these phases: the changing relative angles between the Moon and the Sun. 这张插图来自《寰宇秩序》一书，展示了月相的各个阶段，说明了月球在一个完整的阴历月中的变化。作者在这张图中描绘了月相产生的原因：月球和太阳相对角度的变化。 |
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The Game of the Sphere
天球游戏 Engraving, 1661 Estienne Vouillemont |
This engraved map is an educational and entertaining tool from 17th-century France. At its center, a series of concentric circles symbolizes the center of the universe, surrounded by multiple circular grids arranged in sequence, each containing different astronomical symbols or constellation patterns. Through this playful format, individuals learned about the universe and constellations while being entertained.
这幅版画地图是 17 世纪法国的一种教育娱乐工具。图版中央为同心圆，象征宇宙的中心，周围是多个按顺序排列的圆形格子，每个格子中都有不同的天文符号或星座图案。通过这种游戏形式，人们在娱乐中学习宇宙和星座知识。 |
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The 28 Phases of the Moon in a Lunar Month 月影表，即塑望月过程 Engraving, 1671 Athanasius Kircher This illustration is from the book The Great Art of Light and Shadows and depicts the lunar phases throughout a complete lunar month. Such diagrams were common in medieval and Renaissance astronomy texts, serving as educational tools to help scholars and astronomers better understand and predict the changes in lunar phases. 这幅插图来自《光与影的伟大艺术》一书，描绘了一个完整月中的月球变化周期。这类图示在中世纪和文艺复兴时期的天文学书籍中常见，用于教育和研究，帮助当时的学者和天文学家更好地理解和预测月相变化。 |
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Rajasthani Cosmological Painting
宇宙观 Watercolor on cloth, 1750-1850 Unknown This cosmic painting from Rajasthan, India, is a complex religious and philosophical artwork. Such paintings are often used in religious rituals and education, helping individuals comprehend intricate cosmic structures and philosophical concepts. 这幅来自印度拉贾斯坦邦的宇宙绘画是一种复杂的宗教和哲学艺术作品。这种类型的绘画通常用于宗教仪式和教育，帮助人们理解复杂的宇宙结构和哲学理念。 |
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The Scared Theory of the Earth 地球的神圣理论 Illustration, 1684 Thomas Burnet This illustration is from the book Sacred Theory of the Earth, offering a unique perspective on the history and structure of our planet. It presents an ancient view of Earth, detailing the distribution of continents and geological features, reflecting the understanding of the terrain and landmasses at that time. 这幅插图来自《地球的神圣理论》一书，详细阐述了作者对地球历史和结构的独特理解。图中展示了一个古老的地球视图，包括大陆的分布和地貌特征，显示了当时人们对地球表面地形和大陆的理解。 |
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Flat Disk Structure of the Milky Way 扁平盘状结构的银河系 Illustration, 1750 Thomas Wright These illustrations present early hypotheses regarding the structure of the Milky Way and the universe as proposed in the book An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe. The first image symbolizes the solar system or a circular galaxy, while the second represents a more complex cosmic structure or the distribution of multiple stellar systems. The third illustration reflects White's conceptualization of a larger-scale universe structure. 这是《宇宙的起源论或新假说》一书中提出的有关银河系和宇宙结构的早期假说。图一象征太阳系或某种环形星系，图二象征着更复杂的宇宙结构或多个恒星系统的分布，图三象征怀特对更大规模宇宙结构的设想。 |
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Systema Naturae 论宇宙的体系 Illustration, 1728 Isaac Newton This illustration is from the book A Treatise of the System of the World, and serves as a diagram of Copernicus's heliocentric theory. It depicts Copernicus's planetary system, where the Sun is positioned at the center, with planets orbiting around it, rather than placing the Earth at the center of the universe. 这幅插图来自《论宇宙的体系》一书，是一幅关于哥白尼日心说的示意图。图中展示了哥白尼的行星系统，其中太阳位于中心，行星围绕太阳旋转，而不是地球处于宇宙中心。 |